What is the test to prove a violation of an inmate's right to access to the courts?

To show a violation of the right to access to the courts, an inmate must demonstrate "actual injury," identifying a "specific instance" in which he was denied access. Sands v. Lewis, 886F.2d 1166, 1171 (9th Cir. 1989); see also Lewis v. Casey, 518U.S. 343, 349 (1996). The injury requirement is "not satisfied by just any type of frustrated legal claim." Lewis, 518 U.S. at 354-55. It is only satisfied if an inmate is denied access with regard to a direct appeal from their conviction, habeas petitions, or civil rights actions challenging the conditions of their confinement. Id.