What is the test for reasonable suspicion in civil cases?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Sloley v. VanBramer, 945 F.3d 30 (2nd Cir. 2019):

To determine whether an officer had reasonable suspicion to justify the intrusion complained of, we "must look at the totality of the circumstances" to see if the "officer ha[d] a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing." United States v. Arvizu , 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Although a mere hunch does not create reasonable suspicion, the level of suspicion the standard requires is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence, and obviously less than is necessary for probable cause." Navarette v. California , 572 U.S. 393, 397, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 680 (2014) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

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