What is the test for proving a violation of Section 1519 of the Civil Code of Civil Procedure in the context of an investigation into the activities of the FBI?
MultiRegion, United States of America
The following excerpt is from United States v. Singh, 924 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2019):
18 U.S.C. 1519. "In order to prove a violation of 1519, the Government must show that the defendant (1) knowingly committed one of the enumerated acts in the statute, such as destroying or concealing; (2) towards any record, document, or tangible object; (3) with the intent to obstruct an actual or contemplated investigation by the United States of a matter within its jurisdiction." United States v. Katakis , 800 F.3d 1017, 1023 (9th Cir. 2015).
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