What is the test for identifying as a defendant in a civil action for allegedly depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Gonzales v. Cate, No. 2:11-cv-3196 GEB EFB P (E.D. Cal. 2012):

The complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another's act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation).

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