The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Cooper, 932 F.2d 973 (9th Cir. 1991):
We review the district court's exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Mundi, 892 F.2d 817, 820 (9th Cir.1989). Error may be predicated upon the exclusion of evidence when a substantial right of the party is affected, if the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked. United States v. Cutler, 676 F.2d 1245, 1249 (9th Cir.1982).
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