The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Ladum, 141 F.3d 1328 (9th Cir. 1998):
2 A nexus with interstate commerce is both a jurisdictional requirement and an essential element of the offense. United States v. Ripinsky, 109 F.3d 1436, 1443 (9th Cir.1997), amended on denial of reh'g, 129 F.3d 518 (1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 870, 139 L.Ed.2d 767 (1998).
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