What is the test for discrimination against an employee under Title VII of the Employment Rights Act?

Title VII prohibits discrimination against an employee "because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. 2000e-3(a). To state a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that "(1) [he] engaged in a protected activity, (2) [he] suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) there was a causal link between [his] protected activity and the adverse employment action." Poland v. Chertoff, 494 F.3d 1174,

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