What is the test for aiding and abetting a violation of section 841 of the Criminal Code?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from United States v. Barajas, No. 02-10668 (9th Cir. 3/9/2004), No. 02-10668. (9th Cir. 2004):

[1] In order to prove aiding and abetting a violation of 841(a)(1), the Government must persuade the trier of fact "that (a) the crime was committed, (b) the defendant knowingly and intentionally aided, counseled, commanded, induced, or procured another person to commit the crime, and (c) the defendant acted before the crime was completed." United States v. Jackson, 72 F.3d 1370, 1385 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Castaneda, 16 F.3d 1504, 1511 (9th Cir. 1994)). "It is not necessary for an aider and abetter to know who actually committed the crime." Id.

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