The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Turner, 926 F.2d 883 (9th Cir. 1991):
We review de novo the district court's determination that the search warrant was valid when the judge placed the affiant under oath after she had presented the supporting facts. We review de novo the application of existing law to established fact. United States v. Luk, 859 F.2d 667, 670 (9th Cir.1988).
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