What is the test for a police officer who fails to provide sufficient information to arrest a suspect?
The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Patterson, 648 F.2d 625 (9th Cir. 1981):
19 The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape (I) t may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate response.
Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972).
20 Cf. United States v. White, 648 F.2d 29 at --, (D.C.Cir., 1981) ("What makes the case at hand difficult is the amount of force used to effectuate the stop.").
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