The following excerpt is from Taylor v. Arakaki, Case No.: 1:14-cv-00479-BAM (PC) (E.D. Cal. 2015):
another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts, or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made." Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
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