The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Nichols, 56 F.3d 403 (2nd Cir. 1995):
We articulated the standard for determining the permissibility of a defendant's waiver of the right to attend trial in United States v. Fontanez, 878 F.2d 33, 35-36 (2d Cir.1989) (citations omitted):
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