The following excerpt is from Kessler v. Ierokormos, No. 2:19-cv-1738 DB P (E.D. Cal. 2020):
meaning of 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made." Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
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