What is the effect of Rule 41(b) dismissal of a plaintiff's case?

We have described dismissal of a plaintiff's case as "one of the harshest sanctions" to be reserved for "extreme circumstances." United States ex rel. Drake v. Norden Sys., Inc., 375 F.3d 248, 251 (2d Cir. 2004). Here, barring Plaintiffs from pursuing their claims would be a "manifest injustice" because the dereliction of Plaintiffs' attorney could be appropriately dealt with by a monetary sanction on the attorney, instead of so harshly sanctioning the Plaintiffs who were innocent of the dereliction. We therefore exercise our discretion under Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of

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Appellate Procedure to overlook Plaintiffs' waiver and to address the merits of the Rule 41(b) dismissal.