The following excerpt is from Petillo v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, No. 2:16-cv-2586 KJN P (E.D. Cal. 2016):
Murphy v. Gordwin, 262 F. App'x 776, 777 (9th Cir. 2007). Thus, because it appears that amendment would be futile, the undersigned recommends that this action be dismissed without leave to amend.
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