The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Johnson, 637 F.2d 1224 (9th Cir. 1980):
The disparity in treatment under discussion in the text existed between categories 1 and 3 when the offense happened to be one of those, such as assault resulting in serious bodily injury, which 1153 required to be defined and punished according to state law. The constitutionality of this disparity was considered by this court in United States v. Cleveland, 503 F.2d 1067 (9th Cir. 1974):
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