The following excerpt is from United States v. Hardy, 724 F.3d 280 (2nd Cir. 2013):
In reviewing a district court's decision to approve the involuntary medication of a detainee, we review its conclusions of law, such as the standards applied, de novo; we review the court's findings of fact, such as the detainee's medical condition and the history of his conduct, for clear error. See generally United States v. Gomes, 387 F.3d 157, 160 (2d Cir.2004). Where the district court has made no error of law nor any clearly erroneous finding of fact, and has treated views of the medical personnel with appropriate deference, we will uphold the court's ultimate decision on whether to authorize involuntary medication on the ground of dangerousness and medical necessity, so long as its decision is located within the range of permissible decisions.
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