What are the elements of intentional misrepresentation, or actual fraud?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Anderson v. Deloitte & Touche, 56 Cal.App.4th 1468, 66 Cal.Rptr.2d 512 (Cal. App. 1997):
The elements of intentional misrepresentation, or actual fraud, are: "(1) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity (scienter); (3) intent to defraud (i.e., to induce reliance); (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damage. [Citation.]" (Molko v. Holy Spirit Assn. (1988) 46 Cal.3d 1092, 1108, 252 Cal.Rptr. 122, 762 P.2d 46 (Molko ).)
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