What are the elements of implied malice second degree murder and voluntary manslaughter?

Defendant contends the trial court should have instructed the jury on the lesser included offenses of implied malice second degree murder and voluntary manslaughter, with the latter offense encompassing both a heat of passion and an imperfect self-defense theory. (See generally People v. Elmore (2014) 59 Cal.4th 121, 133-134 [reviewing the elements of second degree murder (an unlawful killing with either express or implied malice but without additional elements that would support a conviction for first degree murder) and voluntary manslaughter (an unlawful killing, without malice, attributable to the heat of passion or unreasonable self-defense)]; see also People v. Gonzalez, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 653 ["Malice is implied when a person willfully does an act, the natural and probable consequences of which are dangerous to human life, and the person knowingly acts with conscious disregard for the danger to

Page 21