The following excerpt is from S.E.C. v. Seaboard Corp., 677 F.2d 1301 (9th Cir. 1982):
At least one court has enumerated its elements as being: (1) some other party has committed a securities law violation, (2) the accused party had general awareness that his role was part of an overall activity that is improper, and (3) the accused knowingly and substantially assisted the violation. Woodward v. Metro Bank of Dallas, 522 F.2d 84, 94-5 (5th Cir. 1975) (citations omitted). 12
The above passage should not be considered legal advice. Reliable answers to complex legal questions require comprehensive research memos. To learn more visit www.alexi.com.