What are the elements of a Commissioner's denial of benefits?

Commissioner's denial of benefits, which may be asserted alongside claims challenging the denial, and constitutional claims unrelated to the Commissioner's denial, which can't be asserted here. For this distinction, the R&R relies on Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 762 (1975). Indeed, the R&R surveys the cases Ha relies on and differentiates them because "the constitutional claims in all of these cases challenged court conduct that occurred at a hearing, or procedures that affected the final outcome of a hearing under Section 405(g)." (R&R at 8.)