California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Olague v. Klimenko, B249230 (Cal. App. 2015):
4. The elements of a cause of action for fraud "'"are (a) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or 'scienter'); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage."' [Citation.]" (Small v. Fritz Companies, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th 167, 173.)
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