California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Chapman v. Sullivan Motor Cars LLC, B222542, c/w B224885, No. BC395059 (Cal. App. 2011):
"The elements of an action for breach of contract which must be pleaded are (1) the contract; (2) performance or excuse for nonperformance; (3) breach; [and] (4) damage." (Smith v. Royal Mfg. Co. (1960) 185 Cal.App.2d 315, 325.)
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