What are the elements of the tort of knowing assistance in breach of fiduciary duty?

The elements of the tort of knowing assistance in breach of fiduciary duty are set out in Air Canada v. M & L Travel Ltd., 1993 CanLII 33 (SCC), [1993] 3 S.C.R. 787, at p. 825: • There must be a fiduciary duty; • The fiduciary must have breached that duty fraudulently and dishonestly; • The stranger to the fiduciary relationship must have had actual knowledge of both the fiduciary relationship and the fiduciary’s fraudulent and dishonest conduct; and • The stranger must have participated in or assisted the fiduciary’s fraudulent and dishonest conduct.