The first and broader question is whether the reasons are sufficient to explain to the appellant why he was convicted and to permit effective appellate review: R v. Sheppard, 2002 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2002] 1 S.C.R. 869, at paras. 24-25, 55; R v. R.E.M., 2008 SCC 51 (CanLII), [2008] 3 S.C.R. 3, at paras. 15-17. Where the trial judge’s reasons – read in conjunction with the evidence and submission at trial – make clear how the trial judge arrived at his or her decision, the reasons will be sufficient: R.E.M., at para. 16.
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