Malice includes not only a dominant motive of actual or express malice, but also any indirect motive which conflicts with the sense of duty created by the occasion. It may also be established by showing that the defendant either knew that he or she was not telling the truth, or was reckless in that regard: Botiuk v. Toronto Free Press, 1995 CanLII 60 (SCC), [1995] 3 S.C.R. 3, 126 D.L.R. (4th) 609 at ¶79.
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