Is there probable cause to arrest a passenger of a vehicle when others he accompanies are more certain suspects of a narcotics crime?

This circuit has addressed the issue of whether there is probable cause to arrest a passenger of a vehicle when others he accompanies are more certain suspects of a narcotics crime. In United States v. Moses, 796 F.2d 281 (9th Cir.1986), narcotics agents had observed Moses in the company of two other men who purchased large quantities of chemicals and odd household items in keeping with PCP manufacture. The agents observed them taking the objects in a car to one of the suspects' homes. The next day, when the agents stopped the three men, Moses was a passenger in the car. The court found the officers had probable cause to

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