The following excerpt is from Modica v. Russell, No. 2:15-cv-00057 MCE AC PS (E.D. Cal. 2015):
4. To state a claim for conspiracy under Section 1983, a plaintiff must plead specific facts that suggest a mutual understanding among conspirators to deprive plaintiff of his constitutional rights. Duvall v. Sharp, 905 F.2d 1188, 1189 (8th Cir. 1990) (per curiam).
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