Is qualified immunity for stopping a vehicle without probable cause or reasonable suspicion?

Officers are not entitled to qualified immunity for stopping a vehicle without probable cause or reasonable suspicion, especially when the stop includes detention and interrogation at gunpoint. Washington v. Lambert , 98 F.3d 1181, 1192-93 (9th Cir. 1996) (denying qualified immunity on similar grounds). The officers, however, claim they had probable cause to stop the vehicle on the basis of the traffic code violations -the defective taillight and seatbelt violations -as well as because they had a reasonable suspicion that the boys were engaged in criminal activity.

1. Traffic code violations