California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Fields, C068047 (Cal. App. 2014):
whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission . . . are principals in any crime so committed." An aider and abettor is one who acts with knowledge of the criminal purpose of the perpetrator and with an intent or purpose either of committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the offense. (People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560.)
A person who knowingly aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty of not only the target offense, but also of any other crime the perpetrator actually commits that is the natural and probable consequence of the target offense. (People v. Medina (2009) 46 Cal.4th 913, 920 (Medina).) For example, if a person aids and abets only an intended assault, but a murder results, that person may be guilty of that murder, even if unintended, under the natural and probable consequence doctrine. (McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1117.)
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