California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Affiliated FM Ins. Co. v. Southland HVAC & Constr., Inc., B241439 (Cal. App. 2013):
unaware of it].) Under this rule, a person or entity "who has not created a peril is not liable in tort merely for failure to take affirmative action to assist or protect another unless there is some relationship between them which gives rise to a duty to act." (Williams v. State of California (1983) 34 Cal.3d 18, 23.)
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