The following excerpt is from Phanvongkham v. GSF Props., Inc., Case No. 1:17-cv-00051-DAD-EPG (E.D. Cal. 2017):
Dismissal of a pro se complaint without leave to amend is appropriate where any opportunity to amend the complaint would be futile. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) ("a district court should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the
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