California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Miale, F065965 (Cal. App. 2014):
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to confront adverse witnesses. (People v. Louis (1986) 42 Cal.3d 969, 982.) "The primary purpose of the constitutional guarantee is to ensure that the defendant is able to conduct a 'personal examination and cross-examination of the witness ....' " (Ibid.)
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