California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Nguyen, D070946 (Cal. App. 2017):
Finally, even if the court had erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense and excessive force, such error would have been harmless. A central element of robbery is the use of force or fear to either gain or retain possession of stolen property. (Pen. Code, 211; People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1158, 1165, fn. 8.) In closing
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