California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Civil Service Com. v. Superior Court, 163 Cal.App.3d 70, 209 Cal.Rptr. 159 (Cal. App. 1984):
2 In fact, there will be numerous times when the attorney obtains confidential information in the course of the former representation from a source other than the client. In such circumstances, the attorney might be the only person whose testimony could establish whether confidential information was obtained. (See Cord v. Smith (9th Cir.1964) 338 F.2d 516, 525.
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