The following excerpt is from DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 846 F.2d 526 (9th Cir. 1988):
Plaintiffs then requested leave to amend so that they could file a fourth amended complaint. The district court denied the motion. Critical to the appeal is whether or not the district court provided an explanation for its denial or whether a justification was apparent from the record. An outright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason is an abuse of discretion. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962).
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