How have the courts dealt with the issue of abuse of discretion in certifying a class action?

The district court's decision to certify a class action and its conclusion that a class action settlement is "fair, reasonable, and adequate" are reviewed for abuse of discretion. See id. at 960. So is its denial of a class member's motion to exclude herself from the class out of time. See Silber v. Mabon , 18 F.3d 1449, 1453 (9th Cir. 1994). As we explain below, the district court appropriately exercised its considerable discretion in making its determinations. We affirm.