How have courts distinguished defendants who have been convicted of making false statements to customs agents?

In United States v. Rose, 570 F.2d 1358, 1364 (9th Cir.1978) and United States v. Carrier, 654 F.2d 559, 561 (9th Cir.1981), the court, affirming convictions of defendants who made false statements to customs agents, distinguished Bedore on the grounds that (1) the declarant of the false statement was claiming a privilege; (2) his statement potentially impaired the function of the agency; (3) the government agent's questions were a "routine exercise of administrative responsibility"; and (4) a truthful answer would not have involved self-incrimination.