How has the plain view exception to the warrant requirement been interpreted in the context of search warrants?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Mandel, 951 F.2d 364 (9th Cir. 1991):

The plain view exception to the warrant requirement "permits seizure of illegal or evidentiary items visible to a police officer whose access to the object has some prior Fourth Amendment justification and who has probable cause to suspect that the item is connected with criminal activity." Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771 (1982) (citations omitted). Probable cause exists when the police have reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to lead a prudent person to believe that the accused has committed or is committing a crime. United States v. Del Vizo, 918 F.2d 821, 825 (9th Cir.1990). Probable cause, coupled with the plain view exception, constitutes a lawful warrantless seizure. Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 327 (1986).

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