The following excerpt is from Vu v. I.N.S., 129 F.3d 129 (9th Cir. 1997):
Past persecution on the basis of political opinion or membership in a social group creates a rebuttable presumption of future persecution. See Vallecillo-Castillo v. INS, 121 F.3d 1237, 1239 (9th Cir.1996). Although the issue is vigorously disputed, we assume for purposes of decision that Vu has established that she was persecuted on account of her political beliefs. Accordingly, we assume that she is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of future persecution.
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