The following excerpt is from Shokrian v. Federal Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 68 F.3d 481 (9th Cir. 1995):
We review for abuse of discretion. See Bonin v. Calderon, 59 F.3d 815, 845 (9th Cir. 1995). Amendment in this case would be futile because the November 19, 1992 letter expressly precludes the formation of a contract unless the parties executed a writing. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Shokrian leave to amend. See Roth, 942 F.2d at 628-29.
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