The following excerpt is from Gibbs v. Webb, No. 2:18-cv-2817 JAM DB P (E.D. Cal. 2020):
government may be held liable if "the individual who committed the constitutional tort was an official with final policy-making authority or such an official ratified a subordinate's unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it." Gravelet-Blondin v. Shelton, 728 F.3d 1086, 1097 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
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