Can a plaintiff bring a claim that he or she was retaliated against in violation of the First Amendment?
MultiRegion, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Montero v. City of N.Y., 890 F.3d 386 (2nd Cir. 2018):
Where, as here, a plaintiff claims that he or she was retaliated against in violation of the First Amendment, he or she must plausibly allege that "(1) his [or her] speech or conduct was protected by the First Amendment; (2) the defendant took an adverse action against him [or her]; and (3) there was a causal connection between this adverse action and the protected speech." Cox v. Warwick Valley Cent. Sch. Dist. , 654 F.3d 267, 272 (2d Cir. 2011).
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