The following excerpt is from Souliotes v. City of Modesto, 1:15-cv-00556 LJO SKO (E.D. Cal. 2016):
However, "[t]hese methods are not themselves independent causes of action." Bradford v. Scherschligt, 803 F.3d 382, 386 (9th Cir. 2015). "Rather, they are methods of proving one elementintentof a claim that the government deliberately fabricated the evidence at issue." Id. "Fundamentally, the plaintiff must first point to evidence he contends the government deliberately fabricated." Id.
The above passage should not be considered legal advice. Reliable answers to complex legal questions require comprehensive research memos. To learn more visit www.alexi.com.